US Navy Steam and Sail warships

[KWorld]

A category for the USN's warships that are propelled by both steam and sail, armored and unarmored.  These are the workhorses of the fleet during peacetime, and the ships seen farthest from home in both war and peace.

[KWorld]

The Iowa class armored steam frigates are the successors of the big pre-Civil War steam frigates, but with the addition of armored sides and rifled guns replacing the smoothbores that dominated the armament of the USN before the war.

USS Iowa, USA armored steam frigate laid down 1870

Displacement:
   3,478 t light; 3,637 t standard; 3,928 t normal; 4,161 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
   (335.00 ft / 335.00 ft) x 45.00 ft x (16.00 / 16.78 ft)
   (102.11 m / 102.11 m) x 13.72 m  x (4.88 / 5.12 m)

Armament:
      2 - 10.00" / 254 mm 15.0 cal guns - 300.01lbs / 136.08kg shells, 100 per gun
     Muzzle loading guns in deck mounts, 1870 Model
     2 x Single mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
      4 - 8.00" / 203 mm 15.0 cal guns - 175.00lbs / 79.38kg shells, 80 per gun
     Muzzle loading guns in broadside mounts, 1870 Model
     4 x Single mounts on sides, evenly spread
      4 - 6.40" / 163 mm 15.0 cal guns - 90.00lbs / 40.82kg shells, 80 per gun
     Breech loading guns in broadside mounts, 1870 Model
     4 x Single mounts on side ends, evenly spread
      24 - 0.45" / 11.4 mm 45.0 cal guns - 0.04lbs / 0.02kg shells, 400 per gun
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts, 1870 Model
     4 x 2 row sextuple mounts on side ends, evenly spread
      4 raised mounts
      Weight of broadside 1,661 lbs / 753 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   4.00" / 102 mm   217.75 ft / 66.37 m   6.00 ft / 1.83 m
   Ends:   Unarmoured
   Upper:   4.00" / 102 mm   217.75 ft / 66.37 m   7.00 ft / 2.13 m
     Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Protected deck - single deck:
   For and Aft decks: 0.50" / 13 mm

Machinery:
   Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
   Direct drive, 1 shaft, 3,890 ihp / 2,902 Kw = 15.00 kts
   Range 3,250nm at 7.00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 524 tons (100% coal)

Complement:
   247 - 322

Cost:
   £0.285 million / $1.140 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 84 tons, 2.1 %
      - Guns: 84 tons, 2.1 %
   Armour: 561 tons, 14.3 %
      - Belts: 482 tons, 12.3 %
      - Armour Deck: 79 tons, 2.0 %
   Machinery: 953 tons, 24.3 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 1,445 tons, 36.8 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 451 tons, 11.5 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 434 tons, 11.0 %
      - Above deck: 434 tons

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     3,051 lbs / 1,384 Kg = 8.7 x 10.0 " / 254 mm shells or 1.0 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.21
   Metacentric height 2.1 ft / 0.7 m
   Roll period: 12.9 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 75 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.37
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.50

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has a flush deck,
     a normal bow and a cruiser stern
   Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.570 / 0.576
   Length to Beam Ratio: 7.44 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 18.30 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 37 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
   Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
            Fore end,    Aft end
      - Forecastle:   20.00 %,  13.75 ft / 4.19 m,  11.00 ft / 3.35 m
      - Forward deck:   30.00 %,  11.00 ft / 3.35 m,  10.00 ft / 3.05 m
      - Aft deck:   35.00 %,  10.00 ft / 3.05 m,  10.00 ft / 3.05 m
      - Quarter deck:   15.00 %,  10.00 ft / 3.05 m,  10.00 ft / 3.05 m
      - Average freeboard:      10.57 ft / 3.22 m
   Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 87.9 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 82.3 %
   Waterplane Area: 10,433 Square feet or 969 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 123 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 95 lbs/sq ft or 464 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.96
      - Longitudinal: 1.42
      - Overall: 1.00
   Adequate machinery, storage, compartmentation space
   Cramped accommodation and workspace room
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
   Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

10" guns are rifled pivot guns mounted fore and aft, while the 8" guns are rifled weapons on the broadside.  .45" guns are 6-barrelled Gatlings on pivot mounts atop the deckhouse amidships.

Above-decks miscellaneous weight is masts and sails sufficient to propel the ship at up to 15 knots in normal conditions (11% of normal displacement).  [Hull speed is 18.3 knots, so base speed is 9 knots + 6 knots due to 6% extra sails.]

[KWorld]

The Wampanoag class frigates are a relatively specialized design: they were designed as fast commerce raiders, and that's what they're best at.  They're certainly capable of other roles, but in an era where armor plate is becoming more and more common, their unarmored sides are a distinct disadvantage in any role that exposes them to enemy fire.

USS Wampanoag, USA steam frigate laid down 1870
Corvette (Unarmoured)

Displacement:
   3,130 t light; 3,277 t standard; 3,450 t normal; 3,589 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
   (335.00 ft / 335.00 ft) x 44.50 ft x (15.00 / 15.49 ft)
   (102.11 m / 102.11 m) x 13.56 m  x (4.57 / 4.72 m)

Armament:
      2 - 10.00" / 254 mm 15.0 cal guns - 300.01lbs / 136.08kg shells, 100 per gun
     Muzzle loading guns in deck mounts, 1870 Model
     2 x Single mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
      10 - 6.40" / 163 mm 14.0 cal guns - 100.00lbs / 45.36kg shells, 80 per gun
     Muzzle loading guns in broadside mounts, 1870 Model
     10 x Single mounts on sides, evenly spread
      24 - 0.45" / 11.4 mm 45.0 cal guns - 0.04lbs / 0.02kg shells, 400 per gun
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts, 1870 Model
     4 x Single mounts on side ends, evenly spread
      4 raised mounts
      Weight of broadside 1,601 lbs / 726 kg

Machinery:
   Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
   Direct drive, 1 shaft, 5,664 ihp / 4,226 Kw = 17.00 kts
   Range 2,000nm at 7.00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 312 tons (100% coal)

Complement:
   224 - 292

Cost:
   £0.330 million / $1.320 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 74 tons, 2.1 %
      - Guns: 74 tons, 2.1 %
   Machinery: 1,388 tons, 40.2 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 1,288 tons, 37.3 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 320 tons, 9.3 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 380 tons, 11.0 %
      - Above deck: 380 tons

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     1,207 lbs / 547 Kg = 3.4 x 10.0 " / 254 mm shells or 0.5 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.34
   Metacentric height 2.5 ft / 0.8 m
   Roll period: 11.8 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.26
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.23

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has a flush deck,
     a normal bow and a cruiser stern
   Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.540 / 0.544
   Length to Beam Ratio: 7.53 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 18.30 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 42 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 57
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
   Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
            Fore end,    Aft end
      - Forecastle:   20.00 %,  10.00 ft / 3.05 m,  8.50 ft / 2.59 m
      - Forward deck:   30.00 %,  8.50 ft / 2.59 m,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m
      - Aft deck:   35.00 %,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m
      - Quarter deck:   15.00 %,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m
      - Average freeboard:      8.30 ft / 2.53 m
   Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 139.1 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 68.9 %
   Waterplane Area: 9,978 Square feet or 927 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 101 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 93 lbs/sq ft or 453 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.99
      - Longitudinal: 1.11
      - Overall: 1.00
   Cramped machinery, storage, compartmentation space
   Cramped accommodation and workspace room
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
   Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

10" guns are rifled pivot guns mounted fore and aft, while the 6.4" guns are rifled weapons on the broadside.  .45" guns are 6-barrelled Gatlings on pivot mounts atop the deckhouse amidships.

Above-decks miscellaneous weight is masts and sails sufficient to propel the ship at up to 15 knots in normal conditions (11% of normal displacement).  [Hull speed is 18.3 knots, so half speed is 9 knots, +6 knots because of additional 6% weight.]

[KWorld]

The Hornet class armored steam sloops are a smaller version of the Iowa armored steam frigates, and are seen throughout the Atlantic.

USS Hornet, USA armored steam sloop laid down 1870

Displacement:
   1,840 t light; 1,940 t standard; 2,127 t normal; 2,276 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
   (240.00 ft / 240.00 ft) x 40.00 ft x (15.00 / 15.83 ft)
   (73.15 m / 73.15 m) x 12.19 m  x (4.57 / 4.83 m)

Armament:
      2 - 8.00" / 203 mm 15.0 cal guns - 200.00lbs / 90.72kg shells, 100 per gun
     Muzzle loading guns in deck mounts, 1870 Model
     2 x Single mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
      8 - 6.40" / 163 mm 15.0 cal guns - 100.00lbs / 45.36kg shells, 80 per gun
     Muzzle loading guns in broadside mounts, 1870 Model
     8 x Single mounts on sides, evenly spread
      24 - 0.45" / 11.4 mm 45.0 cal guns - 0.04lbs / 0.02kg shells, 400 per gun
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts, 1870 Model
     4 x Single mounts on side ends, evenly spread
      4 raised mounts
      Weight of broadside 1,201 lbs / 545 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   3.00" / 76 mm   147.60 ft / 44.99 m   6.00 ft / 1.83 m
   Ends:   Unarmoured
   Upper:   3.00" / 76 mm   147.60 ft / 44.99 m   5.00 ft / 1.52 m
     Main Belt covers 95 % of normal length

Machinery:
   Coal fired boilers, simple reciprocating steam engines,
   Direct drive, 1 shaft, 2,228 ihp / 1,662 Kw = 14.00 kts
   Range 3,200nm at 7.00 kts
   Bunker at max displacement = 336 tons (100% coal)

Complement:
   156 - 203

Cost:
   £0.159 million / $0.637 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 52 tons, 2.4 %
      - Guns: 52 tons, 2.4 %
   Armour: 215 tons, 10.1 %
      - Belts: 215 tons, 10.1 %
   Machinery: 546 tons, 25.7 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 769 tons, 36.2 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 287 tons, 13.5 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 257 tons, 12.1 %
      - Above deck: 257 tons

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     1,492 lbs / 677 Kg = 8.3 x 8.0 " / 203 mm shells or 0.7 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.28
   Metacentric height 2.0 ft / 0.6 m
   Roll period: 12.0 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 77 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.35
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.54

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has a flush deck,
     a normal bow and a cruiser stern
   Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.517 / 0.524
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6.00 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 15.49 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 43 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
   Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
            Fore end,    Aft end
      - Forecastle:   21.00 %,  10.00 ft / 3.05 m,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m
      - Forward deck:   30.00 %,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m
      - Aft deck:   31.50 %,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m
      - Quarter deck:   17.50 %,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m,  8.00 ft / 2.44 m
      - Average freeboard:      8.17 ft / 2.49 m
   Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 94.0 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 61.2 %
   Waterplane Area: 6,264 Square feet or 582 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 122 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 84 lbs/sq ft or 411 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.92
      - Longitudinal: 2.08
      - Overall: 1.00
   Adequate machinery, storage, compartmentation space
   Cramped accommodation and workspace room
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
   Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

8" guns are rifled pivot guns mounted fore and aft, while the 6.4" guns are rifled weapons on the broadside.  .45" guns are 6-barrelled Gatlings on pivot mounts atop the deckhouse amidships.

Above-decks miscellaneous weight is masts and sails sufficient to propel the ship at up to 15 knots in normal conditions (12% of normal displacement).  [Hull speed is 16.7 knots, so half speed is 8 knots, +7 knots because of additional 7% weight.]