Acorazados

[The Rock Doctor]

Audaz Class - 2 units, deleted

Valiente Class - 2 units, deleted/assigned to training 1911

Poderoso Class - 2 units, deleted 1915

Helene Class -  1 unit, deleted 1911

Arrojado Class - 3 units, deleted 1905

Invencible Class - 2 units

Triunfante Class - 2 units

Furioso Class - 2 units

Radiante Class - 2 units projected for 1915

[The Rock Doctor]

Audaz Class

Gran Colombia's first locally designed and built battleships, following previous acqusition of French-built vessels.

Neither vessel has received a refit since construction, and are clearly wearing out.  Given the rise of new turbine-powered dreadnought-type battleships, no virtue is seen in refitting these ships even for assignment to reserve status.  It is expected that they will be sent to the breakers in early 1908, once the Invencible class has completed trials.

Audaz, BB-01, laid down 1886 - scrapped H1/09
Astuto, BB-02, laid down 1887 - scrapped H2/09

Audaz, laid down 1886

Length, 120.0 m x Beam, 23.0 m x Depth, 7.3 m
11577 tonnes normal displacement (10596 tonnes standard)

Main battery: 4 x 27.0-cm (2 x 2)
Secondary battery: 10 x 14.0-cm
QF battery: 8 x 10.0-cm
Light battery: 4 x 5.0-cm

Weight of broadside: 1495 kg

Main belt, 28.0 cm; bow and stern, 14.0 cm
Upper belt, 14.0 cm
Armor deck, average 4.0 cm
Conning tower, 28.0 cm

Battery armor:
Main, 28.0 cm / secondary, 14.0 cm
QF, 3.0 cm / light guns, 3.0 cm shields

Maximum speed for 7994 indicated kw = 17.21 knots
Approximate cruising radius, 5000 nm / 10 knots

Typical complement: 558-725


Estimated cost, $3.948 million (£987,000)

Remarks:

Relative extent of belt armor, 87 percent of 'typical' coverage.

Ship has slow, easy roll; a good, steady gun platform.

Excellent seaboat; comfortable and able to fight her guns
in the heaviest weather.

Main deck secondary guns subject to being washed down
in a seaway.


Distribution of weights:
Percent
normal
displacement:

Armament ......................... 411 tonnes = 4 pct
Armor, total ..................... 3453 tonnes = 30 pct

Belt 1834 tonnes = 16 pct
Deck 592 tonnes = 5 pct
C.T. 122 tonnes = 1 pct
Armament 906 tonnes = 8 pct

Machinery ........................ 2060 tonnes = 18 pct
Hull and fittings; equipment ..... 4141 tonnes = 36 pct
Fuel, ammunition, stores ......... 1486 tonnes = 13 pct
Miscellaneous weights ............ 25 tonnes = 0 pct
-----
11577 tonnes = 100 pct

Estimated metacentric height, 1.4 m

Displacement summary:

Light ship: 10090 tonnes
Standard displacement: 10596 tonnes
Normal service: 11577 tonnes
Full load: 12315 tonnes

Loading submergence 1909 tonnes/metre

+++++++++++++++++++++++++


Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

Relative margin of stability: 1.21

Shellfire needed to sink: 5689 kg = 22.2 x 27.0-cm shells
(Approximates weight of penetrating
shell hits needed to sink ship,
not counting critical hits)

Torpedoes needed to sink: 1.9
(Approximates number of 'typical'
torpedo hits needed to sink ship)

Relative steadiness as gun platform, 87 percent
(50 percent is 'average')

Relative rocking effect from firing to beam, 0.37

Relative quality as a seaboat: 1.73

+++++++++++++++++++++++++


Hull form characteristics:

Block coefficient: 0.57
Sharpness coefficient: 0.44
Hull speed coefficient 'M' = 5.32
'Natural speed' for length = 19.8 knots
Power going to wave formation
at top speed: 45 percent


Estimated hull characteristics and strength:

Relative underwater volume absorbed by
magazines and engineering spaces: 86 percent

Relative accommodation and working space: 109 percent


Displacement factor: 106 percent
(Displacement relative to loading factors)


Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.93
(Structure weight per square
metre of hull surface: 692 kg)

Relative longitudinal hull strength: 2.14
(for 4.80 m average freeboard;
freeboard adjustment +0.05 m)

Relative composite hull strength: 1.01

+++++++++++++++++++++++++


[Machine-readable parameters: Spring Style v. 1.2.1]

393.60 x 75.44 x 23.94; 15.74 -- Dimensions
0.57 -- Block coefficient
1886 -- Year laid down
17.21 / 5000 / 10.00; Reciprocating -- Speed / radius / cruise
25 tons -- Miscellaneous weights
++++++++++
4 x 10.63; 2; 0 -- Main battery; turrets; superfiring
:
10 x 5.51; 0 -- Secondary battery; turrets
Main deck battery
:
8 x 3.94 -- Tertiary (QF/AA) battery
:
4 x 1.97 -- Fourth (light) battery
0 -- No torpedo armament
++++++++++
11.02 / 5.51 / 5.51 / 0.00; 87 -- Belt armor; relative extent
1.57 / 11.02 -- Deck / CT
11.02 / 5.51 / 1.18 / 1.18 -- Battery armor


(Note: For portability, values are stored in Anglo-American units)


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[The Rock Doctor]

Valiente Class

Larger follow-ons to the Audaz class, with new 30.5 cm guns.  The class is now due for a refit but is unlikely to receive one.  Given their relative obsolescence in comparison to the new dreadnought-type battleships, the class will likely soldier on until being replaced by the soon-to-be-built Triunfante class in 1910-11.

Valiente, BB-03, laid down 1891; deleted to Netherlands, 1911
Insolento, BB-04, laid down 1892; assigned to training, 1911

Valiente, laid down 1891

Length, 124.0 m x Beam, 24.0 m x Depth, 7.3 m
12483 tonnes normal displacement (11551 tonnes standard)

Main battery: 4 x 30.5-cm (2 x 2)
Secondary battery: 12 x 14.0-cm
QF battery: 8 x 10.0-cm
Light battery: 16 x 5.0-cm

Weight of broadside: 2169 kg

4 TT, 45.7 cm (submerged)

Main belt, 27.0 cm; bow and stern, 9.0 cm
Upper belt, 14.0 cm
Armor deck, average 4.0 cm
Conning tower, 27.0 cm

Battery armor:
Main, 27.0 cm / secondary, 14.0 cm
QF, 3.0 cm / light guns, 3.0 cm shields

Maximum speed for 7996 indicated kw = 17.21 knots
Approximate cruising radius, 5000 nm / 10 knots

Typical complement: 590-768


Estimated cost, $4.622 million (£1.155 million)

Remarks:

Relative extent of belt armor, 93 percent of 'typical' coverage.

Ship has slow, easy roll; a good, steady gun platform.

Excellent seaboat; comfortable and able to fight her guns
in the heaviest weather.

Main deck secondary guns subject to being washed down
in a seaway.


Distribution of weights:
Percent
normal
displacement:

Armament ......................... 597 tonnes = 5 pct
Armor, total ..................... 3749 tonnes = 30 pct

Belt 1914 tonnes = 15 pct
Deck 640 tonnes = 5 pct
C.T. 123 tonnes = 1 pct
Armament 1072 tonnes = 9 pct

Machinery ........................ 1948 tonnes = 16 pct
Hull and fittings; equipment ..... 4586 tonnes = 37 pct
Fuel, ammunition, stores ......... 1579 tonnes = 13 pct
Miscellaneous weights ............ 25 tonnes = 0 pct
-----
12483 tonnes = 100 pct

Estimated metacentric height, 1.5 m

Displacement summary:

Light ship: 10904 tonnes
Standard displacement: 11551 tonnes
Normal service: 12483 tonnes
Full load: 13178 tonnes

Loading submergence 2059 tonnes/metre

+++++++++++++++++++++++++


Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

Relative margin of stability: 1.20

Shellfire needed to sink: 6070 kg = 15.4 x 30.5-cm shells
(Approximates weight of penetrating
shell hits needed to sink ship,
not counting critical hits)

Torpedoes needed to sink: 1.9
(Approximates number of 'typical'
torpedo hits needed to sink ship)

Relative steadiness as gun platform, 86 percent
(50 percent is 'average')

Relative rocking effect from firing to beam, 0.46

Relative quality as a seaboat: 1.71

+++++++++++++++++++++++++


Hull form characteristics:

Block coefficient: 0.57
Sharpness coefficient: 0.44
Hull speed coefficient 'M' = 5.36
'Natural speed' for length = 20.2 knots
Power going to wave formation
at top speed: 45 percent


Estimated hull characteristics and strength:

Relative underwater volume absorbed by
magazines and engineering spaces: 92 percent

Relative accommodation and working space: 112 percent


Displacement factor: 100 percent
(Displacement relative to loading factors)


Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.92
(Structure weight per square
metre of hull surface: 723 kg)

Relative longitudinal hull strength: 2.14
(for 4.80 m average freeboard;
freeboard adjustment -0.03 m)

Relative composite hull strength: 1.00

+++++++++++++++++++++++++


[Machine-readable parameters: Spring Style v. 1.2.1]

406.72 x 78.72 x 23.94; 15.74 -- Dimensions
0.57 -- Block coefficient
1891 -- Year laid down
17.21 / 5000 / 10.00; Reciprocating -- Speed / radius / cruise
25 tons -- Miscellaneous weights
++++++++++
4 x 12.01; 2; 0 -- Main battery; turrets; superfiring
:
12 x 5.51; 0 -- Secondary battery; turrets
Main deck battery
:
8 x 3.94 -- Tertiary (QF/AA) battery
:
16 x 1.97 -- Fourth (light) battery
4 / 4 / 17.99 -- TT / submerged / size
++++++++++
10.63 / 3.54 / 5.51 / 0.00; 93 -- Belt armor; relative extent
1.57 / 10.63 -- Deck / CT
10.63 / 5.51 / 1.18 / 1.18 -- Battery armor


(Note: For portability, values are stored in Anglo-American units)


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[The Rock Doctor]

Poderoso Class

Gran Colombia's final pair of true pre-dreadnoughts, the class has been the symbol of Gran Colombian naval power for somewhat longer than had been originally intended - as the follow-up class due for 1901 was never commenced. 

The class will be due for refits around the same time that their eventual replacements are to be laid down.  Whether this means the refit happens or not remains to be determined; there has been some suggestion that they may be updated and kept in reserve status for several years after removal from front-line status.



Poderoso, BB-05, laid down 1896
Resuelto, BB-06, laid down 1897

Poderoso, laid down 1896

     Length, 124.0 m x Beam, 22.0 m x Depth, 7.8 m
          12443 tonnes normal displacement (11601 tonnes standard)

     Main battery:       4 x 30.5-cm (2 x 2)
     Secondary battery: 12 x 14.0-cm
     QF battery:         8 x 10.0-cm
     Light battery:     16 x  4.7-cm

          Weight of broadside: 2165 kg

     4 TT, 45.7 cm (submerged)

     Main belt, 30.0 cm; bow and stern, 10.0 cm
     Upper belt, 15.0 cm
     Armor deck, average 4.0 cm
     Conning tower, 30.0 cm

     Battery armor:
          Main, 30.0 cm / secondary, 15.0 cm
          QF, 3.0 cm / light guns, 3.0 cm shields 

     Maximum speed for 8998 indicated kw = 17.81 knots
          Approximate cruising radius, 5000 nm / 10 knots

     Typical complement: 589-766


                    Estimated cost, $4.659 million (£1.165 million)

          Remarks:

     Relative extent of belt armor, 94 percent of 'typical' coverage.

     Ship has slow, easy roll; a good, steady gun platform.

     Excellent seaboat; comfortable and able to fight her guns
     in the heaviest weather.

     Main deck secondary guns subject to being washed down
     in a seaway.

     Main deck QF guns subject to being washed down in a seaway.


          Distribution of weights:
                                                       Percent
                                                       normal
                                                    displacement:

          Armament .........................    595 tonnes =   5 pct
          Armor, total .....................   4013 tonnes =  32 pct

               Belt                            2035 tonnes =  16 pct
               Deck                             594 tonnes =   5 pct
               C.T.                             137 tonnes =   1 pct
               Armament                        1248 tonnes =  10 pct

          Machinery ........................   2010 tonnes =  16 pct
          Hull and fittings; equipment .....   4312 tonnes =  35 pct
          Fuel, ammunition, stores .........   1488 tonnes =  12 pct
          Miscellaneous weights ............     25 tonnes =   0 pct
                                              -----
                                              12443 tonnes = 100 pct

          Estimated metacentric height, 1.2 m

     Displacement summary:

          Light ship:             10955 tonnes
          Standard displacement:  11601 tonnes
          Normal service:         12443 tonnes
          Full load:              13067 tonnes

          Loading submergence 1909 tonnes/metre

     +++++++++++++++++++++++++


     Estimated overall survivability and seakeeping ability:

          Relative margin of stability: 1.16

          Shellfire needed to sink: 5918 kg = 15.0 x 30.5-cm shells
               (Approximates weight of penetrating
               shell hits needed to sink ship,
               not counting critical hits)

          Torpedoes needed to sink: 1.7
               (Approximates number of 'typical'
               torpedo hits needed to sink ship)

          Relative steadiness as gun platform, 71 percent
               (50 percent is 'average')

          Relative rocking effect from firing to beam, 0.62

          Relative quality as a seaboat: 1.78

     +++++++++++++++++++++++++


     Hull form characteristics:

          Block coefficient: 0.58
          Sharpness coefficient: 0.43
          Hull speed coefficient 'M' = 5.37
          'Natural speed' for length = 20.2 knots
          Power going to wave formation
               at top speed: 46 percent


     Estimated hull characteristics and strength:

          Relative underwater volume absorbed by
               magazines and engineering spaces: 94 percent

          Relative accommodation and working space: 117 percent


          Displacement factor: 98 percent
               (Displacement relative to loading factors)


          Relative cross-sectional hull strength: 0.91
               (Structure weight per square
               metre of hull surface: 681 kg)

          Relative longitudinal hull strength: 2.48
               (for 5.40 m average freeboard;
               freeboard adjustment +0.58 m)

          Relative composite hull strength: 1.00

     +++++++++++++++++++++++++


[Machine-readable parameters: Spring Style v. 1.2.1]

406.72 x 72.16 x 25.58; 17.71 -- Dimensions
0.58 -- Block coefficient
1896 -- Year laid down
17.81 / 5000 / 10.00; Reciprocating -- Speed / radius / cruise
25 tons -- Miscellaneous weights
++++++++++
4 x 12.01; 2; 0 -- Main battery; turrets; superfiring
   :
12 x 5.51; 0 -- Secondary battery; turrets
  Main deck battery
   :
8 x 3.94 -- Tertiary (QF/AA) battery
  Main deck battery
   :
16 x 1.85 -- Fourth (light) battery
4 / 4 / 17.99 -- TT / submerged / size
++++++++++
11.81 / 3.94 / 5.91 / 0.00; 94 -- Belt armor; relative extent
1.57 / 11.81 -- Deck / CT
11.81 / 5.91 / 1.18 / 1.18 -- Battery armor


     (Note: For portability, values are stored in Anglo-American units)


     +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[The Rock Doctor]

Helene Class Battleship

The former ACM battleship Helene led a convoy of ACM refugees, including some of its Board of Directors, to Gran Colombia following the spectacular implosion of the company.  Helene was eagerly snatched up by Gran Colombia, which was impressed with her main guns but very little else.  After spending a year in reserve status, her technology being closely examined by GC scientists and engineers, she returned to active service in July 1902 as a result of the ongoing emergency with communist Spain and the Baltic League, and later with France.

As the world situation cooled off from 1905 onward, the ship was assigned to training duties.  She was replaced in this capacity in 1911 by the Insolento, and was transferred to the Netherlands, where she is expected to be scrapped.



Helene, BB-07, ex-ACM battleship laid down 1895, deleted (to Netherlands) 1911

Displacement:
10,134 t light; 10,714 t standard; 12,200 t normal; 13,340 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
400.00 ft / 400.00 ft x 70.00 ft x 25.00 ft (normal load)
121.92 m / 121.92 m x 21.34 m x 7.62 m

Armament:
4 - 13.00" / 330 mm guns (2x2 guns), 1,098.50lbs / 498.27kg shells, 1895 Model
Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on side ends, evenly spread
4 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1895 Model
Breech loading guns in deck mounts
on side ends, evenly spread
8 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1895 Model
Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
on side, evenly spread
4 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
8 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm guns in single mounts, 13.50lbs / 6.12kg shells, 1895 Model
Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
on side, evenly spread, 4 raised mounts
4 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
4 - 0.30" / 7.6 mm guns in single mounts, 0.01lbs / 0.01kg shells, 1895 Model
Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
Weight of broadside 5,798 lbs / 2,630 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 100
6 - 20.0" / 508 mm submerged torpedo tubes

Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 10.0" / 254 mm 250.00 ft / 76.20 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
Ends: 4.00" / 102 mm 150.00 ft / 45.72 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
Upper: 6.00" / 152 mm 250.00 ft / 76.20 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
Main Belt covers 96 % of normal length

- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 10.0" / 254 mm 7.00" / 178 mm 9.00" / 229 mm
2nd: 5.00" / 127 mm 3.00" / 76 mm -
3rd: 5.00" / 127 mm - -
4th: 1.00" / 25 mm - -

- Armour deck: 2.25" / 57 mm, Conning tower: 10.00" / 254 mm

Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, complex reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 8,500 ihp / 6,341 Kw = 16.23 kts
Range 9,000nm at 10.00 kts (Bunkerage = 2,675 tons)

Complement:
579 - 754

Cost:
£1.165 million / $4.661 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 725 tons, 5.9 %
Armour: 3,515 tons, 28.8 %
- Belts: 1,612 tons, 13.2 %
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
- Armament: 946 tons, 7.8 %
- Armour Deck: 843 tons, 6.9 %
- Conning Tower: 114 tons, 0.9 %
Machinery: 1,441 tons, 11.8 %
Hull, fittings & equipment: 4,103 tons, 33.6 %
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,067 tons, 16.9 %
Miscellaneous weights: 350 tons, 2.9 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
12,065 lbs / 5,473 Kg = 11.0 x 13.0 " / 330 mm shells or 1.6 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.19
Metacentric height 4.1 ft / 1.2 m
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 71 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.59
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1.72

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0.610
Length to Beam Ratio: 5.71 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 20.00 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 42 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 41
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 24.00 ft / 7.32 m
- Forecastle (20 %): 18.00 ft / 5.49 m
- Mid (50 %): 14.00 ft / 4.27 m
- Quarterdeck (15 %): 14.00 ft / 4.27 m
- Stern: 14.00 ft / 4.27 m
- Average freeboard: 15.88 ft / 4.84 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 94.3 %
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 99.4 %
Waterplane Area: 20,252 Square feet or 1,882 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 97 %
Structure weight / hull surface area: 137 lbs/sq ft or 669 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0.92
- Longitudinal: 2.30
- Overall: 1.00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

[The Rock Doctor]

Arrojado Class Battleship (Coastal)

Three former Spanish ships turned over to Gran Colombia as part of the annexation of Cuba in 1902. Ammunition stocks for their guns were adequate and thus the weapons were not lined down or replaced with Gran Colombian weapons.

The Armada was not particularly impressed with these distinctly second-rate battleships and scrapped them in 1905.

Arrojado, BB-08, laid down 1890
Atrevido, BB-09, laid down 1891
Osado, BB-10, laid down 1892

BB1890, Spain Battleship laid down 1890

Displacement:
7 268 t light; 7 736 t standard; 8 648 t normal; 9 378 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
315,29 ft / 314,96 ft x 78,74 ft x 20,34 ft (normal load)
96,10 m / 96,00 m x 24,00 m x 6,20 m

Armament:
4 - 11,02" / 280 mm guns (2x2 guns), 669,80lbs / 303,81kg shells, 1890 Model
Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
on centreline ends, evenly spread
16 - 4,13" / 105 mm guns in single mounts, 35,32lbs / 16,02kg shells, 1890 Model
Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
on side, all amidships
16 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
8 - 2,95" / 75,0 mm guns in single mounts, 12,87lbs / 5,84kg shells, 1890 Model
Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
on side, evenly spread
8 - 1,46" / 37,0 mm guns in single mounts, 1,55lbs / 0,70kg shells, 1890 Model
Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
on side, evenly spread
8 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in all but light seas
Weight of broadside 3 360 lbs / 1 524 kg
Shells per gun, main battery: 150

Armour:
- Belts: Width (max) Length (avg) Height (avg)
Main: 10,2" / 260 mm 195,28 ft / 59,52 m 10,66 ft / 3,25 m
Ends: 4,33" / 110 mm 119,65 ft / 36,47 m 10,66 ft / 3,25 m
Upper: 4,72" / 120 mm 195,28 ft / 59,52 m 8,01 ft / 2,44 m
Main Belt covers 95% of normal length

- Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
Main: 10,2" / 260 mm 3,94" / 100 mm 7,87" / 200 mm
2nd: 3,54" / 90 mm - -
3rd: 1,97" / 50 mm - -

- Armour deck: 0,79" / 20 mm, Conning tower: 6,30" / 160 mm

Machinery:
Coal fired boilers, complex reciprocating steam engines,
Direct drive, 2 shafts, 7 324 ihp / 5 463 Kw = 16,00 kts
Range 6 000nm at 10,00 kts
Bunker at max displacement = 1 642 tons (100% coal)

Complement:
447 - 582

Cost:
£0,797 million / $3,188 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
Armament: 420 tons, 4,9%
Armour: 2 448 tons, 28,3%
- Belts: 1 552 tons, 18,0%
- Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0,0%
- Armament: 574 tons, 6,6%
- Armour Deck: 264 tons, 3,1%
- Conning Tower: 57 tons, 0,7%
Machinery: 1 356 tons, 15,7%
Hull, fittings & equipment: 2 954 tons, 34,2%
Fuel, ammunition & stores: 1 380 tons, 16,0%
Miscellaneous weights: 90 tons, 1,0%

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
9 905 lbs / 4 493 Kg = 14,8 x 11,0 " / 280 mm shells or 1,9 torpedoes
Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1,42
Metacentric height 6,4 ft / 2,0 m
Roll period: 13,1 seconds
Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 67 %
- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0,18
Seaboat quality (Average = 1.00): 1,33

Hull form characteristics:
Hull has a flush deck
Block coefficient: 0,600
Length to Beam Ratio: 4,00 : 1
'Natural speed' for length: 17,75 kts
Power going to wave formation at top speed: 51 %
Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -10,00 degrees
Stern overhang: 0,33 ft / 0,10 m
Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
- Stem: 19,32 ft / 5,89 m
- Forecastle (19%): 12,30 ft / 3,75 m
- Mid (50%): 12,30 ft / 3,75 m
- Quarterdeck (19%): 12,30 ft / 3,75 m
- Stern: 12,30 ft / 3,75 m
- Average freeboard: 12,84 ft / 3,91 m
Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 90,0%
- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 95,1%
Waterplane Area: 18 138 Square feet or 1 685 Square metres
Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 100%
Structure weight / hull surface area: 127 lbs/sq ft or 621 Kg/sq metre
Hull strength (Relative):
- Cross-sectional: 0,90
- Longitudinal: 2,38
- Overall: 1,00
Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

[The Rock Doctor]

Invencible Class Battleships

Laid down in 1905, this class represented the state of the art for Gran Colombian capital ship architecture at the time.  It was acknowledged that they were lacking in comparison to several foreign designs, but were considered necessary nonetheless due to the long hiatus in Gran Colombian capital ship construction before this.

A distinct feature of the type - other than the additional turret - is the greater range, higher freeboard, and raised forecastle.  These features are intended to allow for effective deploy outside the Caribbean and east-central Pacific, in line with Gran Colombia's renewed interest in world affairs.



Invencible, BB-11, laid down 1905
Irresistible, BB-12, laid down 1905

Displacement:
   16,053 t light; 17,036 t standard; 18,937 t normal; 20,457 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   557.74 ft / 557.74 ft x 82.02 ft x 24.15 ft (normal load)
   170.00 m / 170.00 m x 25.00 m  x 7.36 m

Armament:
      6 - 12.01" / 305 mm guns (3x2 guns), 865.70lbs / 392.67kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline, evenly spread
     Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
      16 - 5.51" / 140 mm guns in single mounts, 83.72lbs / 37.97kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, all amidships
     16 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
      8 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns in single mounts, 30.51lbs / 13.84kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, all amidships
      3 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns in single mounts, 30.51lbs / 13.84kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side, all aft, all raised mounts - superfiring
      12 - 1.85" / 47.0 mm guns in single mounts, 3.17lbs / 1.44kg shells, 1905 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, 8 raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 6,907 lbs / 3,133 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 150

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   13.0" / 330 mm   362.53 ft / 110.50 m   10.86 ft / 3.31 m
   Ends:   4.33" / 110 mm   195.18 ft / 59.49 m   10.86 ft / 3.31 m
   Upper:   6.50" / 165 mm   362.53 ft / 110.50 m   8.01 ft / 2.44 m
     Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   13.0" / 330 mm   6.50" / 165 mm      13.0" / 330 mm
   2nd:   6.50" / 165 mm         -               -
   3rd:   1.30" / 33 mm         -               -
   4th:   1.30" / 33 mm         -               -
   5th:   0.87" / 22 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2.36" / 60 mm, Conning tower: 12.99" / 330 mm

Machinery:
   Coal fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 20,000 shp / 14,920 Kw = 19.43 kts
   Range 8,000nm at 10.00 kts (Bunkerage = 3,421 tons)

Complement:
   806 - 1,049

Cost:
   £1.520 million / $6.082 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 863 tons, 4.6 %
   Armour: 6,859 tons, 36.2 %
      - Belts: 3,383 tons, 17.9 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
      - Armament: 1,815 tons, 9.6 %
      - Armour Deck: 1,462 tons, 7.7 %
      - Conning Tower: 199 tons, 1.1 %
   Machinery: 1,667 tons, 8.8 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 6,614 tons, 34.9 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,884 tons, 15.2 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 50 tons, 0.3 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     32,408 lbs / 14,700 Kg = 37.4 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 3.6 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.26
   Metacentric height 5.6 ft / 1.7 m
   Roll period: 14.5 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 71 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.47
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.72

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has a flush deck
   Block coefficient: 0.600
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6.80 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23.62 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 39 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 41
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -5.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: -3.28 ft / -1.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      26.25 ft / 8.00 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   19.69 ft / 6.00 m
      - Mid (50 %):      19.69 ft / 6.00 m
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   19.69 ft / 6.00 m
      - Stern:      19.69 ft / 6.00 m
      - Average freeboard:   20.21 ft / 6.16 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 64.9 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 155.6 %
   Waterplane Area: 33,458 Square feet or 3,108 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 110 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 139 lbs/sq ft or 680 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.95
      - Longitudinal: 1.55
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
   Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather


Note:  edited to correct casemate locations, and to increase machinery to 5,000 hp per shaft per new rules.

[The Rock Doctor]

Triunfante Class - Initial Design



The Triunfante class battleships are based on a concept that was not supposed to actually be built.  The Armada had intended that the next class of Gran Colombian battleships would be up-scaled Invencibles, with three twin 14" gun turrets.  Sadly, President Alizandro was not pleased with a six gun design when other navies were fielding designs with up to twelve guns (even if they were lighter guns).  As this design (previously designated "Insano" by the Armada design staff) had twelve guns, it got the Presidential Nod of Approval.

On the plus side, it's fast (for Gran Colombia), and has plenty of guns to make the President for Life happy.  On the down side, the torpedo bulkhead is too narrow to be effective adjacent to the forward turrets, the hull is rather fat, and the deck armor is on the lightish side.

A heavy tertiary battery is installed, including four guns for the anti-zeppelin role given the experiences of 1904.  Torpedoes have been omitted, it being considered ill-advised for the battleline to draw close enough to an enemy to use the weapons.

Miscellaneous weight will include a large wireless shack, command facilities, and room for growth.

Triunfante, BB-13, projected for 1908, redesigned and deferred to 1909
Porfiado, BB-14, projected for 1908, redesigned and deferred to 1909

Triunfante, laid down 1908 (Engine 1909)

Displacement:
   21,625 t light; 22,838 t standard; 24,638 t normal; 26,077 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   557.74 ft / 557.74 ft x 95.14 ft x 25.00 ft (normal load)
   170.00 m / 170.00 m x 29.00 m  x 7.62 m

Armament:
      4 - 12.01" / 305 mm guns (2x2 guns), 865.70lbs / 392.67kg shells, 1908 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on side, all forward
      8 - 12.01" / 305 mm guns (4x2 guns), 865.70lbs / 392.67kg shells, 1908 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline, all aft, 2 raised mounts - superfiring
      12 - 5.51" / 140 mm guns in single mounts, 83.72lbs / 37.97kg shells, 1908 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, evenly spread
     12 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
      20 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns in single mounts, 30.51lbs / 13.84kg shells, 1908 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, evenly spread
     12 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
      10 - 1.85" / 47.0 mm guns in single mounts, 3.17lbs / 1.44kg shells, 1908 Model
     Quick firing guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 12,035 lbs / 5,459 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   11.8" / 300 mm   362.53 ft / 110.50 m   11.71 ft / 3.57 m
   Ends:   3.94" / 100 mm   195.18 ft / 59.49 m   11.71 ft / 3.57 m
   Upper:   5.51" / 140 mm   362.53 ft / 110.50 m   8.01 ft / 2.44 m
     Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      0.98" / 25 mm   362.53 ft / 110.50 m   23.98 ft / 7.31 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   11.8" / 300 mm   7.87" / 200 mm      11.8" / 300 mm
   2nd:   11.8" / 300 mm   7.87" / 200 mm      11.8" / 300 mm
   3rd:   5.51" / 140 mm         -         3.94" / 100 mm
   4th:   3.94" / 100 mm         -         3.94" / 100 mm
   5th:   0.98" / 25 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2.36" / 60 mm, Conning tower: 11.81" / 300 mm

Machinery:
   Coal fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 30,000 shp / 22,380 Kw = 20.55 kts
   Range 8,000nm at 10.00 kts (Bunkerage = 3,239 tons)

Complement:
   983 - 1,278

Cost:
   £2.231 million / $8.922 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 1,504 tons, 6.1 %
   Armour: 8,831 tons, 35.8 %
      - Belts: 3,268 tons, 13.3 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 317 tons, 1.3 %
      - Armament: 3,254 tons, 13.2 %
      - Armour Deck: 1,777 tons, 7.2 %
      - Conning Tower: 215 tons, 0.9 %
   Machinery: 1,500 tons, 6.1 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 9,667 tons, 39.2 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,012 tons, 12.2 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 123 tons, 0.5 %
                  -30 t:  command factilities
                  -30 t:  wireless and signals facilities
                  -63 t:  growth margin

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     30,343 lbs / 13,763 Kg = 35.1 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 4.4 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.14
   Metacentric height 6.0 ft / 1.8 m
   Roll period: 16.4 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.62
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.55

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0.650
   Length to Beam Ratio: 5.86 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23.62 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 45 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 45
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -5.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      26.25 ft / 8.00 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   23.95 ft / 7.30 m
      - Mid (55 %):      23.95 ft / 7.30 m (16.08 ft / 4.90 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   16.08 ft / 4.90 m
      - Stern:      16.08 ft / 4.90 m
      - Average freeboard:   20.59 ft / 6.28 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 84.5 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 160.0 %
   Waterplane Area: 40,652 Square feet or 3,777 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 103 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 178 lbs/sq ft or 868 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.94
      - Longitudinal: 1.71
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
   Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

[The Rock Doctor]

Triunfante Class - Final Design

The revised Triunfante class battleships will be laid down in 1909.  A few changes have been made to the design:

-The hull sits a bit lower in the water, so will cost me a bit more.

-The forward turret arrangement has been changed to A-Bs; though the design does not make it clear, it will be a new gun design, too.  Sighting hoods have been removed from the turrets, allowing fire over other turrets.

-Consequently, additional 14 cm guns have been added to the secondary battery, at the expense of tertiary and QF battery guns

-More compact, higher superstructure forward

-Improved armor protection (the belt length reflects what the picture tells me I need, not what the SS report says)

-Slightly faster, with oil-sprayed coal-firing boilers; though the range has gone down, it's acceptable for GC standards.


Top view as originally designed; bottom view as revised and to be built...

Triunfante, BB-13, laid down 1909
Porfiado, BB-14, laid down 1909

Triunfante/Porfiado, to be laid down 1909

Displacement:
   22,692 t light; 23,935 t standard; 25,284 t normal; 26,364 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   560.01 ft / 557.74 ft x 95.14 ft x 25.66 ft (normal load)
   170.69 m / 170.00 m x 29.00 m  x 7.82 m

Armament:
      4 - 12.01" / 305 mm guns (2x2 guns), 865.70lbs / 392.67kg shells, 1909 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline, all forward, 1 raised mount - superfiring
      8 - 12.01" / 305 mm guns (4x2 guns), 865.70lbs / 392.68kg shells, 1909 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline, all aft, 2 raised mounts - superfiring
      18 - 5.51" / 140 mm guns in single mounts, 83.72lbs / 37.98kg shells, 1909 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, all forward
     18 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
      10 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns in single mounts, 30.51lbs / 13.84kg shells, 1909 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, evenly spread
     4 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
      4 - 3.94" / 100 mm guns in single mounts, 30.51lbs / 13.84kg shells, 1909 Model
     Breech loading anti-airship guns in deck mounts
     on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
   Weight of broadside 12,323 lbs / 5,589 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   12.6" / 320 mm   396.98 ft / 121.00 m   12.00 ft / 3.66 m
   Ends:   3.94" / 100 mm   160.76 ft / 49.00 m   12.00 ft / 3.66 m
   Upper:   5.91" / 150 mm   396.98 ft / 121.00 m   8.00 ft / 2.44 m
     Main Belt covers 110 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      0.98" / 25 mm   396.98 ft / 121.00 m   24.31 ft / 7.41 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   12.6" / 320 mm   7.87" / 200 mm      12.6" / 320 mm
   2nd:   12.6" / 320 mm   7.87" / 200 mm      12.6" / 320 mm
   3rd:   5.91" / 150 mm         -               -
   4th:   0.98" / 25 mm         -               -
   5th:   0.98" / 25 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2.36" / 60 mm, Conning tower: 12.60" / 320 mm

Machinery:
   Coal and oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 32,000 shp / 23,872 Kw = 20.82 kts
   Range 6,000nm at 10.00 kts (Bunkerage = 2,429 tons)

Complement:
   1,002 - 1,303

Cost:
   £2.310 million / $9.239 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 1,540 tons, 6.1 %
   Armour: 9,446 tons, 37.4 %
      - Belts: 3,699 tons, 14.6 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 351 tons, 1.4 %
      - Armament: 3,386 tons, 13.4 %
      - Armour Deck: 1,777 tons, 7.0 %
      - Conning Tower: 234 tons, 0.9 %
   Machinery: 1,584 tons, 6.3 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 9,742 tons, 38.5 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,593 tons, 10.3 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 378 tons, 1.5 %
   -77 t:  50mm thick splinter bulkheads separating 140mm casemates 4&5, and 6&7, on each beam
   -50 t:  Long range wireless, short range wireless, and extra flag signals facilties
   -50 t:  Flag facilities
   -50 t:  VIP accommodation
   -50 t:  Extra pumps and generators for damage control
   -101 t:  Weight reserve

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     27,937 lbs / 12,672 Kg = 32.3 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 4.2 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.07
   Metacentric height 5.3 ft / 1.6 m
   Roll period: 17.4 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 71 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.66
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.41

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0.650
   Length to Beam Ratio: 5.86 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 23.62 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 46 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 5.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: -3.28 ft / -1.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      26.25 ft / 8.00 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   22.97 ft / 7.00 m
      - Mid (50 %):      22.97 ft / 7.00 m (15.09 ft / 4.60 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   15.09 ft / 4.60 m
      - Stern:      15.09 ft / 4.60 m
      - Average freeboard:   19.27 ft / 5.87 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 86.5 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 144.7 %
   Waterplane Area: 40,652 Square feet or 3,777 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 100 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 180 lbs/sq ft or 881 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.94
      - Longitudinal: 1.61
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
   Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

[The Rock Doctor]

Furioso Class

Gran Colombia will be laying down two battleships of the Furioso class in 1912.  They are somewhat larger than the Triunfante class, and will carry Dutch-manufactured 35 cm guns as the main battery.  A model with five triple 305 mm guns had been considered as an alternative, but it was considered less attractive at a time when other navies are introducing 35 and even 38 cm guns on their own capital ships.

When completed in late 1914, the class will replace the old Poderoso class pre-dreadnoughts in service.



BB-15, Furioso, laid down 1912
BB-16, Glorioso, laid down 1912

Enter ship name, Enter country Enter ship type laid down 1909 (Engine 1912)

Displacement:
   25,482 t light; 26,898 t standard; 28,420 t normal; 29,637 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   592.90 ft / 590.55 ft x 98.43 ft x 26.74 ft (normal load)
   180.72 m / 180.00 m x 30.00 m  x 8.15 m

Armament:
      10 - 13.78" / 350 mm guns (5x2 guns), 1,322.77lbs / 600.00kg shells, 1909 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline ends, majority aft, 2 raised mounts - superfiring
      20 - 5.51" / 140 mm guns in single mounts, 83.72lbs / 37.97kg shells, 1909 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on side, all forward
     10 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
      2 - 2.56" / 65.0 mm guns in single mounts, 8.38lbs / 3.80kg shells, 1909 Model
     Quick firing guns in deck mounts
     on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
      8 - 1.85" / 47.0 mm guns in single mounts, 3.17lbs / 1.44kg shells, 1909 Model
     Quick firing guns in deck mounts
     on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
      6 - 0.31" / 8.0 mm guns in single mounts, 0.02lbs / 0.01kg shells, 1909 Model
     Machine guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 14,944 lbs / 6,779 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   13.0" / 330 mm   393.70 ft / 120.00 m   13.12 ft / 4.00 m
   Ends:   3.94" / 100 mm   196.82 ft / 59.99 m   13.12 ft / 4.00 m
   Upper:   5.51" / 140 mm   393.70 ft / 120.00 m   8.01 ft / 2.44 m
     Main Belt covers 103 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1.38" / 35 mm   393.70 ft / 120.00 m   25.59 ft / 7.80 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   13.4" / 340 mm   7.87" / 200 mm      12.6" / 320 mm
   2nd:   5.91" / 150 mm         -         5.91" / 150 mm
   3rd:   0.98" / 25 mm         -               -
   4th:   0.98" / 25 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 2.76" / 70 mm, Conning tower: 12.99" / 330 mm

Machinery:
   Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 35,000 shp / 26,110 Kw = 21.05 kts
   Range 9,800nm at 10.00 kts (Bunkerage = 2,739 tons)

Complement:
   1,093 - 1,422

Cost:
   £2.641 million / $10.564 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 1,850 tons, 6.5 %
   Armour: 10,803 tons, 38.0 %
      - Belts: 4,090 tons, 14.4 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 514 tons, 1.8 %
      - Armament: 3,689 tons, 13.0 %
      - Armour Deck: 2,249 tons, 7.9 %
      - Conning Tower: 261 tons, 0.9 %
   Machinery: 1,396 tons, 4.9 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 10,986 tons, 38.7 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,938 tons, 10.3 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 447 tons, 1.6 %
-250 t:  Fire control
-50 t:  Long range wireless, short range wireless, and extra signal flag facilities
-25 t:  Flag facilities
-25 t:  Extra pumps and generators for damage control
-25 t:  "Sehendes Auge"
-6 t:  Machine guns (not allocated for in the SS report)
-66 t:  Weight Reserve


Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     32,989 lbs / 14,964 Kg = 25.2 x 13.8 " / 350 mm shells or 4.9 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.08
   Metacentric height 5.6 ft / 1.7 m
   Roll period: 17.4 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.73
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.46

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0.640
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6.00 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 24.30 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 45 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 48
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 5.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: -3.28 ft / -1.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      26.90 ft / 8.20 m
      - Forecastle (20 %):   24.28 ft / 7.40 m
      - Mid (50 %):      24.28 ft / 7.40 m (16.40 ft / 5.00 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   16.40 ft / 5.00 m
      - Stern:      16.40 ft / 5.00 m
      - Average freeboard:   20.55 ft / 6.26 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 84.0 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 154.1 %
   Waterplane Area: 44,120 Square feet or 4,099 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 99 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 186 lbs/sq ft or 907 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.95
      - Longitudinal: 1.51
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
   Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

[The Rock Doctor]

Radiante Class

The Radiante class battleships are Gran Colombia's response to recent French behemoths and expectations of similar large capital ships from Rohan and the CSA.  A 30,000 t design with six twin 35 cm turrets - akin to a larger Triunfante - was the Armada's preferred design but it was considered politically necessary to "make a statement" with more guns.  As usual, political considerations won out.

The class introduces several new features in GC capital ships, such as: 

-Triple turrets for the main battery
-Use of deck mounts (with heavily armored hoists) as part of the secondary battery
-An fully enclosed control top with main fire control atop it
-Secondary fire-control directors
-Increased range to allow easier deployment to distal conflict areas

Top-weight is such that trimming the ship to achieve high steadiness (i.e., 70%) is impractical, so the ship has instead been trimmed for maximum stability and average steadiness - fifteen guns and fire control should make up some of the difference.



BB-17, Radiante, laid down 1915
BB-18, Brillante, laid down 1915

Enter ship name, Enter country Enter ship type laid down 1914 (Engine 1912)

Displacement:
   35,805 t light; 37,833 t standard; 40,163 t normal; 42,027 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
   720.43 ft / 715.22 ft x 104.00 ft x 29.53 ft (normal load)
   219.59 m / 218.00 m x 31.70 m  x 9.00 m

Armament:
      15 - 13.78" / 350 mm guns (5x3 guns), 1,322.77lbs / 600.00kg shells, 1914 Model
     Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
     on centreline ends, majority aft, 2 raised mounts - superfiring
      16 - 5.51" / 140 mm guns in single mounts, 83.72lbs / 37.97kg shells, 1914 Model
     Breech loading guns in casemate mounts
     on centreline, all forward
     16 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
      6 - 5.51" / 140 mm guns in single mounts, 83.72lbs / 37.97kg shells, 1914 Model
     Breech loading guns in deck mounts with hoists
     on side, all forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
      2 - 2.56" / 65.0 mm guns in single mounts, 8.38lbs / 3.80kg shells, 1914 Model
     Anti-aircraft guns in deck mounts
     on side, all amidships, all raised mounts - superfiring
      6 - 0.31" / 8.0 mm guns in single mounts, 0.02lbs / 0.01kg shells, 1914 Model
     Machine guns in deck mounts
     on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
   Weight of broadside 21,700 lbs / 9,843 kg
   Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:      Width (max)   Length (avg)      Height (avg)
   Main:   13.8" / 350 mm   465.88 ft / 142.00 m   14.76 ft / 4.50 m
   Ends:   3.94" / 100 mm   249.31 ft / 75.99 m   11.81 ft / 3.60 m
   Upper:   5.51" / 140 mm   295.28 ft / 90.00 m   16.01 ft / 4.88 m
     Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
      1.97" / 50 mm   465.88 ft / 142.00 m   28.12 ft / 8.57 m

   - Gun armour:   Face (max)   Other gunhouse (avg)   Barbette/hoist (max)
   Main:   13.8" / 350 mm   7.87" / 200 mm      13.8" / 350 mm
   2nd:   3.94" / 100 mm         -         7.87" / 200 mm
   3rd:   0.98" / 25 mm         -               -
   4th:   0.98" / 25 mm         -               -
   5th:   0.39" / 10 mm         -               -

   - Armour deck: 3.15" / 80 mm, Conning tower: 13.78" / 350 mm

Machinery:
   Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
   Direct drive, 4 shafts, 48,881 shp / 36,465 Kw = 22.11 kts
   Range 12,000nm at 10.00 kts (Bunkerage = 4,194 tons)

Complement:
   1,418 - 1,844

Cost:
   £4.813 million / $19.252 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
   Armament: 2,685 tons, 6.7 %
   Armour: 15,086 tons, 37.6 %
      - Belts: 5,817 tons, 14.5 %
      - Torpedo bulkhead: 954 tons, 2.4 %
      - Armament: 4,677 tons, 11.6 %
      - Armour Deck: 3,290 tons, 8.2 %
      - Conning Tower: 348 tons, 0.9 %
   Machinery: 1,949 tons, 4.9 %
   Hull, fittings & equipment: 15,600 tons, 38.8 %
   Fuel, ammunition & stores: 4,358 tons, 10.9 %
   Miscellaneous weights: 485 tons, 1.2 %
   -250 t:  Fire control
   -85 t:  Weight reserve
   -50 t:  Flag facilities
   -50 t:  Long-range wireless and extra signalling equipment
   -50 t:  Extra pumps for damage control purposes
   

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
   Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
     45,922 lbs / 20,830 Kg = 35.1 x 13.8 " / 350 mm shells or 6.6 torpedoes
   Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.13
   Metacentric height 6.6 ft / 2.0 m
   Roll period: 16.9 seconds
   Steadiness   - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 50 %
         - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.69
   Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.29

Hull form characteristics:
   Hull has rise forward of midbreak
   Block coefficient: 0.640
   Length to Beam Ratio: 6.88 : 1
   'Natural speed' for length: 26.74 kts
   Power going to wave formation at top speed: 41 %
   Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 39
   Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10.00 degrees
   Stern overhang: -3.28 ft / -1.00 m
   Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
      - Stem:      29.53 ft / 9.00 m
      - Forecastle (16 %):   24.61 ft / 7.50 m
      - Mid (47 %):      24.61 ft / 7.50 m (16.73 ft / 5.10 m aft of break)
      - Quarterdeck (15 %):   16.73 ft / 5.10 m
      - Stern:      16.73 ft / 5.10 m
      - Average freeboard:   20.75 ft / 6.32 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
   Space   - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 83.8 %
      - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 153.7 %
   Waterplane Area: 56,462 Square feet or 5,245 Square metres
   Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 98 %
   Structure weight / hull surface area: 206 lbs/sq ft or 1,006 Kg/sq metre
   Hull strength (Relative):
      - Cross-sectional: 0.98
      - Longitudinal: 1.17
      - Overall: 1.00
   Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
   Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
   Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily